150 Most Recent Posts

Thread AuthorPostersPost AuthorForumThread/Post Link
Dragon1DragonStallion Trikeshelp
Sully1SullyBBQ, Grilling, Cooki...One Has To Go ???
ken g7ken gHarley Tri Glidereverse not working
TFNC9SullyNew Member Introduct...Just saying hello
ken g7ken gHarley Tri Glidereverse not working
Burnerboy3Papa ZookRoadsmith Trikes
...
Too Pa Pa Zook
oldschool4Papa ZookHarley Trike Convers...Any Completed DNA Trike Kit Owners?
ctdair6ctdairHarley Tri GlideHot Rotors After New Pads
TFNC9Jack KlarichNew Member Introduct...Just saying hello
Rodnok11Jack KlarichNew Member Introduct...Hello Honda Trike owners!
paid4c430Jack KlarichHonda TrikesDifference in touring between two w...
paid4c48Jack KlarichHonda TrikesService for differential on a Motor...
ctdair6Jack KlarichHarley Tri GlideHot Rotors After New Pads
ctdair6Jack KlarichHarley Tri GlideHot Rotors After New Pads
Burnerboy3Jack KlarichRoadsmith Trikes
...
Too Pa Pa Zook
Burnerboy3BurnerboyRoadsmith Trikes
...
Too Pa Pa Zook
ctdair6Old Road DogHarley Tri GlideHot Rotors After New Pads
paid4c48BurnerboyHonda TrikesService for differential on a Motor...
paid4c430BurnerboyHonda TrikesDifference in touring between two w...
woody11Marc HMaggie Valley Gather...Maggie Valley 2024
Aurbo9Marc HYamaha TrikesV-Star 1100 Classic Trike project q...
TFNC9Marc HNew Member Introduct...Just saying hello
whiskeyneat8Marc HNew Member Introduct...Howdy"
TFNC9rhino 2New Member Introduct...Just saying hello
TFNC9Uncle FesterNew Member Introduct...Just saying hello
whiskeyneat8Uncle FesterNew Member Introduct...Howdy"
whiskeyneat8hardwickbvNew Member Introduct...Howdy"
oldschool4Jack KlarichHarley Trike Convers...Any Completed DNA Trike Kit Owners?
TFNC9hardwickbvNew Member Introduct...Just saying hello
ctdair6Jack KlarichHarley Tri GlideHot Rotors After New Pads
whiskeyneat8Jack KlarichNew Member Introduct...Howdy"
whiskeyneat8trike ladyNew Member Introduct...Howdy"
TFNC9ZammyNew Member Introduct...Just saying hello
whiskeyneat8ZammyNew Member Introduct...Howdy"
whiskeyneat8rhino 2New Member Introduct...Howdy"
Jack Klarich11oldschoolThoughts & Praye...Prayers
whiskeyneat8whiskeyneatNew Member Introduct...Howdy"
ctdair6ctdairHarley Tri GlideHot Rotors After New Pads
TFNC9trike ladyNew Member Introduct...Just saying hello
Jack Klarich11Jack KlarichThoughts & Praye...Prayers
Jack Klarich11Jack KlarichThoughts & Praye...Prayers
Aurbo9Jack KlarichYamaha TrikesV-Star 1100 Classic Trike project q...
GSHRIG4Jack KlarichHarley Trike Convers...DNA trike conversion
TFNC9Jack KlarichNew Member Introduct...Just saying hello
TFNC9TFNCNew Member Introduct...Just saying hello
GSHRIG4oldschoolHarley Trike Convers...DNA trike conversion
Aurbo9AurboYamaha TrikesV-Star 1100 Classic Trike project q...
oldschool4oldschoolHarley Trike Convers...Any Completed DNA Trike Kit Owners?
Jack Klarich11RKplus10Thoughts & Praye...Prayers
Jack Klarich11Phu CatThoughts & Praye...Prayers
woody11woodyMaggie Valley Gather...Maggie Valley 2024
woody11woodyMaggie Valley Gather...Maggie Valley 2024
woody11Motorcycle MikeMaggie Valley Gather...Maggie Valley 2024
Bouncer314TGHarley Tri GlideRebuilding A Tri Glide Reverse Moto...
woody11Marc HMaggie Valley Gather...Maggie Valley 2024
Bouncer3BouncerHarley Tri GlideRebuilding A Tri Glide Reverse Moto...
oldschool4Marc HHarley Trike Convers...Any Completed DNA Trike Kit Owners?
ISP-FL2Jack KlarichThe Knife EnthusiestBenchmade Warranty
Jack Klarich11Jack KlarichThoughts & Praye...Prayers
JTJersey7Jack KlarichHarley Freewheeler /...How Does The Turn Signal Know When ...
DK Custom Products362Jack KlarichHarley Tri GlideWhat did you do to Your Tri-Glide T...
DK Custom Products362Jack KlarichHarley Tri GlideWhat did you do to Your Tri-Glide T...
JTJersey7Phu CatHarley Freewheeler /...How Does The Turn Signal Know When ...
woody11PosseRiderMaggie Valley Gather...Maggie Valley 2024
paid4c430Jack KlarichHonda TrikesDifference in touring between two w...
oldschool4Jack KlarichHarley Trike Convers...Any Completed DNA Trike Kit Owners?
JTJersey7Jack KlarichHarley Freewheeler /...How Does The Turn Signal Know When ...
oldschool4oldschoolHarley Trike Convers...Any Completed DNA Trike Kit Owners?
DK Custom Products3621dn5upHarley Tri GlideWhat did you do to Your Tri-Glide T...
msocko354ol' schoolBBQ, Grilling, Cooki...A Little Outdoor Cooking
JTJersey7powerhaulicHarley Freewheeler /...How Does The Turn Signal Know When ...
Bouncer314TGHarley Tri GlideRebuilding A Tri Glide Reverse Moto...
paid4c430Papa ZookHonda TrikesDifference in touring between two w...
trikeguy749Jack KlarichHonda Trikesignition key
Phill Griggs2Jack KlarichTrike TravelSR. HOMIE EXPLORING OKLAHOMA
TXFIRE764Jack KlarichHonda TrikesNew to Trikes and needing a convers...
paid4c48Jack KlarichHonda TrikesService for differential on a Motor...
TXFIRE764Papa ZookHonda TrikesNew to Trikes and needing a convers...
Bouncer3Jack KlarichHarley Tri GlideRebuilding A Tri Glide Reverse Moto...
TXFIRE764TXFIRE76Honda TrikesNew to Trikes and needing a convers...
TXFIRE764Papa ZookHonda TrikesNew to Trikes and needing a convers...
paid4c48Papa ZookHonda TrikesService for differential on a Motor...
Bouncer3BouncerHarley Tri GlideRebuilding A Tri Glide Reverse Moto...
Phill Griggs2Phill GriggsTrike TravelSR. HOMIE EXPLORING OKLAHOMA
paid4c45RoadRunner18Honda Goldwing Gen3 ...3000 mile Differential CSC service
TXFIRE764BrokenBackJackHonda TrikesNew to Trikes and needing a convers...
woody11Motorcycle MikeMaggie Valley Gather...Maggie Valley 2024
paid4c48skisnow806Honda TrikesService for differential on a Motor...
GPz11005TXFIRE76Honda TrikesHonda Valkyrie Conversions
GPz11005GorillaHonda TrikesHonda Valkyrie Conversions
TXFIRE764TXFIRE76Honda TrikesNew to Trikes and needing a convers...
Jack Klarich3SullyGeneral DiscussionToday
Jack Klarich3KrazeehorseGeneral DiscussionToday
GPz11005TXFIRE76Honda TrikesHonda Valkyrie Conversions
DK Custom Products3621dn5upHarley Tri GlideWhat did you do to Your Tri-Glide T...
Yelvington16Jack KlarichEnabled Trikersbikes for handicapped
Bill J. from Austin18Jack KlarichHarley Freewheeler /...If this has been asked before.... (...
Jack Klarich3Jack KlarichGeneral DiscussionToday
DK Custom Products362Jack KlarichHarley Tri GlideWhat did you do to Your Tri-Glide T...
paid4c45Jack KlarichHonda Goldwing Gen3 ...3000 mile Differential CSC service
FirstTrike16New Orleans KevinHarley Tri GlideOuter Axle Bearings
woody11Marc HMaggie Valley Gather...Maggie Valley 2024
Evill audio5Marc HHarley Trike Convers...Champion/Lehman
Bill J. from Austin18powerhaulicHarley Freewheeler /...If this has been asked before.... (...
paid4c45cycle7447Honda Goldwing Gen3 ...3000 mile Differential CSC service
DK Custom Products3621dn5upHarley Tri GlideWhat did you do to Your Tri-Glide T...
paid4c43woodyHonda Goldwing Gen3 ...USB abd 12V DC in upper trunk
woody11PosseRiderMaggie Valley Gather...Maggie Valley 2024
DK Custom Products362Jack KlarichHarley Tri GlideWhat did you do to Your Tri-Glide T...
DK Custom Products362ZammyHarley Tri GlideWhat did you do to Your Tri-Glide T...
cconley7774rhino 2Trike BuildsBest way to build?
Papa Zook1451dn5upThe Gun EnthusiastGun Owners
DK Custom Products3621dn5upHarley Tri GlideWhat did you do to Your Tri-Glide T...
paid4c45Jack KlarichHonda Goldwing Gen3 ...3000 mile Differential CSC service
cconley7774Jack KlarichTrike BuildsBest way to build?
woody11Jack KlarichMaggie Valley Gather...Maggie Valley 2024
Evill audio5Jack KlarichHarley Trike Convers...Champion/Lehman
woody11Rogue1Maggie Valley Gather...Maggie Valley 2024
Jack Klarich6Rogue1General Harley ChatI Hope this picture works
Evill audio5Evill audioHarley Trike Convers...Champion/Lehman
Evill audio5ol' schoolHarley Trike Convers...Champion/Lehman
paid4c45cycle7447Honda Goldwing Gen3 ...3000 mile Differential CSC service
paid4c45Papa ZookHonda Goldwing Gen3 ...3000 mile Differential CSC service
zoood9Jack KlarichDFT TrikeDFT Owners Previous or New
paid4c43Papa ZookHonda Goldwing Gen3 ...USB abd 12V DC in upper trunk
Papa Zook145Jack KlarichThe Gun EnthusiastGun Owners
Jack Klarich2Jack KlarichGeneral DiscussionGreat Day for a ride today
Jack Klarich2Peter A.General DiscussionGreat Day for a ride today
Jack Klarich2Jack KlarichGeneral DiscussionGreat Day for a ride today
ctdair6Jack KlarichHarley Tri GlideHot Rotors After New Pads
DK Custom Products362evermillHarley Tri GlideWhat did you do to Your Tri-Glide T...
ctdair6ctdairHarley Tri GlideHot Rotors After New Pads
Evill audio5Jack KlarichHarley Trike Convers...Champion/Lehman
ctdair6Jack KlarichHarley Tri GlideHot Rotors After New Pads
Jack Klarich4Jack KlarichGeneral DiscussionDr Visit Today
Jack Klarich4Peter A.General DiscussionDr Visit Today
ctdair6hardwickbvHarley Tri GlideHot Rotors After New Pads
FirstTrike16New Orleans KevinHarley Tri GlideOuter Axle Bearings
DK Custom Products362New Orleans KevinHarley Tri GlideWhat did you do to Your Tri-Glide T...
ctdair614TGHarley Tri GlideHot Rotors After New Pads
Sunman7pawsHarley Freewheeler /...Value of 2015 Freewheeler
Jarhead17758PosseRiderHarley Freewheeler /...Coast to coast ride
Jarhead17758PosseRiderHarley Freewheeler /...Coast to coast ride
ctdair6ctdairHarley Tri GlideHot Rotors After New Pads
ctdair6rhino 2Harley Tri GlideHot Rotors After New Pads
Evill audio5Evill audioHarley Trike Convers...Champion/Lehman
Evill audio5rhino 2Harley Trike Convers...Champion/Lehman
Evill audio5Evill audioHarley Trike Convers...Champion/Lehman
ctdair6ctdairHarley Tri GlideHot Rotors After New Pads
bikerbill7Jack KlarichHarley Trike Convers...zerk on differential?
Likes Likes:  16
Thanks Thanks:  0
Results 1 to 19 of 19

Thread: V-Cycle runabout Foot brake to handbrake

  1. #1
    5+ Posts
    Join Date
    Jul 2018
    Location
    Muscle Shoals, alabama, colbert
    Posts
    7
    Thanks
    0
    Thanked 0 Times in 0 Posts

    Default V-Cycle runabout Foot brake to handbrake

    This is my first post, I found this site after purchasing a runabout a few weeks ago.

    I had a bike wreck that left me paralyzed at the t5.

    The trike is now automatic so the only thing to do is fit the foot brake to a handbrake operation.

    Anyone have a idea? Pictures maybe on how this has been done? Thanks.
    Attached Images Attached Images  

  2. #2
    850+ Posts vwbug72501's Avatar
    Join Date
    Apr 2015
    Location
    Batesville, AR. 72501
    Posts
    714
    Thanks
    0
    Thanked 0 Times in 0 Posts

    Default

    Welcome to the forum. This subject has come up regularly and there are tidbits of information scattered in the various forums. Here's an example: https://www.triketalk.com/forum/thre...eas-on-braking

    I don't think that there are any companies that will have an out of the box solution for you as this is a high liability/low volume market. One recommendation that I will advance is that no matter which type of rear brakes you have, or end up using, keep the mechanical e-brake function. This way you will always have backup solution if your handlebar operated rear brake solution goes South on you. A standard VW e-brake lever placed where you can yank up on it in an emergency might come in handy.

  3. #3
    99500 + Posts
    Gold Club Member
    rhino 2's Avatar
    Join Date
    Oct 2011
    Location
    Utopia New Jersey USA..
    Posts
    99,689
    Thanks
    0
    Thanked 1 Time in 1 Post

    Default

    Shannon ' Welcome to Trike Talk 👌👍📞
    Sometimes a Cigar is Just a Cigar.....
    2019 Tri-Glide.......

  4. #4
    400+ Posts
    Gold Club Member
    Sidecarbill's Avatar
    Join Date
    Feb 2015
    Location
    Sussex nj usa
    Posts
    2,425
    Thanks
    0
    Thanked 0 Times in 0 Posts

    Default

    Maybe you could put the same basic setup you have in your car. That brake pedal is pretty much out in the open. I think you would have good leverage with the push bar. I don't think it would be really difficult to do,and you maintain a seperate front brake.

  5. #5
    Senior Moderator
    Gold Club Member
    Gorilla's Avatar
    Join Date
    Oct 2008
    Location
    Key Largo. Fl,. USA
    Posts
    15,117
    Thanks
    0
    Thanked 2 Times in 2 Posts

    Default

    welcome aboard Shannon. I would suggest that you find a good local independent motorcycle repair shop. They should be able to rig a handlebar master cylinder to the rear brakes. You only have the rears to make work so it should not be very difficult.
    Stallion #406 // 2013 Tri-Glide

  6. #6
    Old Redneck Motorhead
    VW Tech Contributor
    TrikeTalk Moderator
    DeathBySnuSnu's Avatar
    Join Date
    Mar 2012
    Location
    Vicksburg MS USA
    Posts
    1,760
    Thanks
    0
    Thanked 0 Times in 0 Posts

    Default

    A few technical things to know.

    Automotive brakes/master cyls move or displace a lot more volume. The raw psi in the brake lines is probably comparable.

    I have seen a motorcycle handlebar master cyl work with vw automotive brakes.........barely.

    First is finding a motorcycle hyd lever that has an unusually large bore (displacement).

    Second is having the car brakes in perfect condition and keeping them that way.

    There is no room for wear or mis-adjustment.

    Now..... let me put down what I would do.

    I would use the automotive master cyl and a brake vacuum booster. Then operate it by a cable and lever system.

    Name:  Power Brakes.jpg
Views: 250
Size:  104.1 KB

    But of course I am not afraid of making things from scratch and this would take a lot of custom one off work to pull off.

    But If you have the resources look into it.

  7. #7
    500+ Posts LarryA's Avatar
    Join Date
    Jun 2016
    Location
    milnor n.d. usa
    Posts
    548
    Thanks
    0
    Thanked 0 Times in 0 Posts

    Default

    looks like it will work great.....vac res and mc can be located anywhere a cable can be ran, also easy to make a new ratio bar if a ratio change needed. wondering if this setup could be used for a power assisted clutch?? maybe a cam/ratio bar to spread out the clutch release and apply portion of the clutch travel?

  8. #8
    18000+ Posts
    Tech Contributor
    Gold Club Member
    Jack Klarich's Avatar
    Join Date
    Oct 2016
    Location
    Jax, Fla USA
    Posts
    18,207
    Thanks
    0
    Thanked 1 Time in 1 Post

    Default

    Rex, I have a question

    Are you ( in your drawing) using clevis joints and pins or heim joints?
    Nuff Said," Were Burnin Daylight, Lets Ride"(Sober 37 years)
    Current ride : 2021 FREEWHEELER M8, oldest ride 1960 FL

  9. #9
    Old Redneck Motorhead
    VW Tech Contributor
    TrikeTalk Moderator
    DeathBySnuSnu's Avatar
    Join Date
    Mar 2012
    Location
    Vicksburg MS USA
    Posts
    1,760
    Thanks
    0
    Thanked 0 Times in 0 Posts

    Default

    Clutch.....Yes

    This idea was originally conceived with clutch in mind. Would work same clutch or brake.

    Yes....if you wanted a variable ratio action you could make the double jointed knuckle set up like you see on a soft tail harley or a dirt bike swing arm (scaled down of course)

    And....this was just a sketch of an idea. It is not to scale and no details are engineered out.

    Venhill makes good cable kits.

    McMaster for clevis and bushings.

    Scap yard for a booster (servo) can.

    A dune buggy single master cyl.

    Then hand make all the other parts to make it fit together.

    Like I said....I have not engineered it all the way out. Just tossing ideas. If anyone wants do it then go for it.

  10. #10
    850+ Posts vwbug72501's Avatar
    Join Date
    Apr 2015
    Location
    Batesville, AR. 72501
    Posts
    714
    Thanks
    0
    Thanked 0 Times in 0 Posts

    Default

    Nice idea. I would have some questions about if the VW engine could generate enough vacuum volume (especially if cammed, carbed, or turboed) to be dependable. Also if engine quits, brakes/clutch quits. I've thought about maybe using an electric power brake master cylinder something like this from a Lexus LS460: https://www.ebay.com/itm/2007-2012-L...LH_TitleDesc=0

    That way as long as you have battery you have brake assist.

    As for clutch assist I've thought about using something like this hydraulic assist pump from a Mazda 5: https://www.ebay.com/itm/04-05-06-07...ring+pump.TRS0

    Just my musings on the systems and applications. Nothing engineered or planned out.

  11. #11
    Old Redneck Motorhead
    VW Tech Contributor
    TrikeTalk Moderator
    DeathBySnuSnu's Avatar
    Join Date
    Mar 2012
    Location
    Vicksburg MS USA
    Posts
    1,760
    Thanks
    0
    Thanked 0 Times in 0 Posts

    Default

    I doubt a monster cammed or turbo motor could work a vac servo.

    But stock bugs did it on a clutch for the auto stick. The autostick had a vacuum operated clutch and a torque coverter.

    Name:  4629780.jpg
Views: 184
Size:  34.9 KB

    So yes on the available vacuum on a stockish engine.

    Then in the hot rod v8 world there are accessory pumps to power the booster with for cars with big cams and power brakes.

    And even modern car....if the engine were to quit the power stearing and power brakes would quit also.

    That Lexus part looks very interesting and is small. That is something to definitely research also.

  12. #12
    500+ Posts LarryA's Avatar
    Join Date
    Jun 2016
    Location
    milnor n.d. usa
    Posts
    548
    Thanks
    0
    Thanked 0 Times in 0 Posts

    Default

    have had ideas.....but have not thought thru...about making a controller for an anti-lock brake motor and pump, controlling motor "on time and speed" for a clutch or brake apply....then using a solenoid controlled pressure bleed off, if used on a clutch setup. Maybe someone is already using a setup like this??? anyhow, food for thought.

  13. #13
    5+ Posts
    Join Date
    Jul 2018
    Location
    Muscle Shoals, alabama, colbert
    Posts
    7
    Thanks
    0
    Thanked 0 Times in 0 Posts

    Default

    Ok thanks guys, I have the means and know how to do what I need. I was just hoping someone on here has done it and had a idea how they did it. Thanks for the drawing and basic start

  14. #14
    Old Redneck Motorhead
    VW Tech Contributor
    TrikeTalk Moderator
    DeathBySnuSnu's Avatar
    Join Date
    Mar 2012
    Location
    Vicksburg MS USA
    Posts
    1,760
    Thanks
    0
    Thanked 0 Times in 0 Posts

    Default

    Uhhhh.....yeah......pictures or it didn't happen.

    We like to see pics of work.

  15. #15
    5+ Posts
    Join Date
    Jul 2018
    Location
    Muscle Shoals, alabama, colbert
    Posts
    7
    Thanks
    0
    Thanked 0 Times in 0 Posts

    Default

    Quote Originally Posted by DeathBySnuSnu View Post
    Uhhhh.....yeah......pictures or it didn't happen.

    We like to see pics of work.
    Yeah that is sort of what I was hoping for. But yeah I will post up pics. I'm a little slower these days and one thing I learned to depend on those that walk is, You can't lol

  16. #16
    450+ Posts
    Join Date
    Mar 2018
    Location
    Fernley
    Posts
    489
    Thanks
    0
    Thanked 0 Times in 0 Posts

    Default

    Not sure if this helps anyone, but when I was looking at the clutch system, currently stock cable design, to the idea of a hyd. hand lever operation. I see how the idea Rex has could work, but I was off on a mechanical mechanisim design in the mind.

    Okay the push rod can only go so far from hand hyd lever system, so if it is at the lower end of a pinned lever, than the proper pivot point, the length of the upper end of the lever is key to travel of the push rod on the clutch arm with placement of the pivot point. If I can only move 1/4 " at the lower end, do to how all is set up would give the amount of travel for top push rod. I do not have proper terms in my mind to use, but I hope this gives the idea, so Rex you play with this idea before ?

    This is far as the idea got, but I have been trying to find what I need so that I can see if the idea has merit.

  17. #17
    Old Redneck Motorhead
    VW Tech Contributor
    TrikeTalk Moderator
    DeathBySnuSnu's Avatar
    Join Date
    Mar 2012
    Location
    Vicksburg MS USA
    Posts
    1,760
    Thanks
    0
    Thanked 0 Times in 0 Posts

    Default

    Yes.....but. shortening the trans lever length is also increasing the amount of force required.

    You actually want to decrease the amount of force required from your hand.

    The car clutch takes more force to operate. The trick is to get its operating force down to grip strength instead of leg strength.

    A light spring pressure plate that takes the least amount of travel to work. Like a 800lb diaphragm.

    You get it all just right it would probably be like squeezing an aftermarket hot rod Harley clutch.

  18. #18
    450+ Posts
    Join Date
    Mar 2018
    Location
    Fernley
    Posts
    489
    Thanks
    0
    Thanked 0 Times in 0 Posts

    Default

    learning more every day, and the amount of times that hand is used, well it does not want to be a chore to do but rather with ease. I found the paper, what I was looking at was hydraulic slave cylinder with a push rod, but did not think about force needed to push the clutch lever forward. Very interesting to me, will have to get back to this later.

  19. #19
    5+ Posts
    Join Date
    Jul 2018
    Location
    Muscle Shoals, alabama, colbert
    Posts
    7
    Thanks
    0
    Thanked 0 Times in 0 Posts

    Default

    Hey guys sorry I been away so long on this topic. I had my accident in March of 2018 and it has been slow healing. I am still a t6 complete

    so learning how to move around and do things from a wheelchair.

    With that said on the hand brake this is where we are so far. Basically it is a handle replacing footpadle. So far works great. First stages of design anyways.

    What do y'all think?

    Name:  20190911_142916999.jpg
Views: 147
Size:  210.3 KB

Similar Threads

  1. Trike Shop Runabout, Roadhawk
    By Three 20's in forum VW Powered Trikes
    Replies: 22
    Last Post: 12-31-2014, 07:43 AM
  2. Replies: 2
    Last Post: 04-04-2014, 04:35 PM
  3. Rupp or runabout?
    By acmeactor in forum General Discussion
    Replies: 8
    Last Post: 01-31-2014, 11:04 AM
  4. Grinnall trike Handbrake
    By stormrider in forum BMW Trikes
    Replies: 2
    Last Post: 08-28-2013, 03:43 PM
  5. right foot throttle (foot accelerator)
    By roadkill in forum Harley Trike Conversions
    Replies: 13
    Last Post: 10-01-2009, 09:26 PM

Posting Permissions

  • You may not post new threads
  • You may not post replies
  • You may not post attachments
  • You may not edit your posts
  •